Not linking Soundscape Composition and Acoustic Ecology
{tab eine Kontroverse unter Freunden:}

Im Frühjahr 2001 tauchte in der newslist des WFAE, des World Forum for Acoustic Ecology, eine Frage auf, die ans Eingemachte geht: "Was ist Soundscape Komposition?" Ich habe mich an der kurzen Debatte mit folgender Definition beteiligt; "Soundscape Komposition nennt man die Absicht eines Künstlers, die Aufnahme eines bestimmten Ortes zu einer bestimmten Zeit zu musikalisieren. Der Künstler geht dabei von der Annahme aus, man könne diesem Soundscape - oder Elementen davon - einen ästhetischen Wert zuschreiben. Bei einem solchen Vorhaben mag die Bandbreite des Künstlers reichen von einem "dokumentarischen" Ansatz, wobei die Elemente des Soundscape arrangiert, aber nicht verfremdet werden, bis zu Transformationsprozessen, wie wir sie aus der musique concrete kennen. Obgleich beide Genres etliche Techniken des Arrangierens teilen, unterscheidet sich musique concrete von Soundscape Komposition, als sie Klänge nur ihres Audiocharakters, nicht aber ihrer Bedeutung wegen verwendet. Demgegenüber bleibt Soundscape Komposition, so weit sie sich auch von ihren ursprünglichen Klangquellen entfernen mag, letztlich doch der Idee verpflichtet, einen Ort zu porträtieren, womöglich auch in Form akustischer Tagträumereien."

Dieser Soundscape-Definition schliesst sich in meinem WFAE-Beitrag folgendes Kapitel an, das meine Definition aus dem Kontext eines damaligen Projektes erläutert: "Ich arbeite gegenwärtig an einem Stück, das an der - wie Anwohner sie nennen - "lautetesten Strassenbahnhaltestelle Deutschlands" beginnt. Es handelt sich um eine Station, die wie in einem Tunnel unter einer Brücke liegt, wo die wartenden Fahrgäste die Bahn zwar herannahen sehen - aber sie nicht hören können. Der Bahnsteig ist eingebettet in eine jeweils zweispurige Stadtautobahn, also von insgesamt vier Fahrspuren umgeben. Die erlaubte Höchstgeschwindigkeit beträgt 100 km/h.

Der Akustik-Ökologe würde an diesem Ort den Lärmpegel aus unterschiedlichsten Perspektiven messen und die Pendler interviewen, wohingegen der Soundscape Komponist - nahezu pervers - die Schönheit im Sound einer vorbeidonnernden Harley Davidson entdecken und die abfallende Tonhöhe des natürlichen Doppler-Effekt obendrein noch verstärken mag. Der Soundscape Komponist beschäftigt sich häufig mit Klangphänomenen, die andere Menschen im gleichen Kontext als "Lärm" bezeichnen.

"Nehmt Ihr den Lärm auf?" wurden wir beispielsweise 1996 von einem Arbeiter in Finkl´s Steelmill in Chicago gefragt. Wir konnten, weil mit Mikrofonen beschäftigt, nur mit minimalen Gesten antworten, heilfroh, dass er uns nicht sogleich wieder vors Werkstor setzte. Wir hatten im Vorbeifahren entdeckt, dass selbiges offenstand und spontan das Stahlwerk betreten. Meine Aufnahme dieses Ortes fand später Verwendung als eine Spur in einer Komposition für Baritonsaxophon solo von Dietmar Bonnen. Wir mussten den Stahlwerksklang lediglich um 27 Cent oder so ähnlich transponieren, damit er den Saxophonisten nicht in Verruf brachte, falsch zu intonieren.

Machen wir uns also nichts vor: Soundscape Komposition heisst oftmals nichts anderes, als Lärm in den Konzertraum zu tragen".

Dieser Text war meiner Human-Festplatte fast schon entschwunden, zumal er keinerlei Resonanz erzielt hatte, (entweder hatten alle mir unbemerkt zugenickt...oder meinen Beitrag nicht einer Antwort für wert befunden.) Zum Glück hatte ich ihn auf einer hard disk gespeichert, als sich im Oktober 2002 unversehens die Notwendigkeit ergab, ihn noch einmal aufzurufen. Hildegard Westerkamp nämlich empfahl per e-mail, von ihrer Homepage einen Text zu laden, der erneut die Frage aller Fragen - jedenfalls im Soundscape-Lager - zu stellen wagte: "linking soundscape-composition and acoustic ecology".

Zu meiner Überraschung begegnete ich in ihrem Text meiner eigenen, fasst vergessenen Soundscape-Definition wieder! Ich hatte also doch Gehör gefunden, pardon: war gelesen worden; noch dazu von einer Autorin, die kraft ihrer künstlerischen Arbeit seinerzeit von nicht geringer Inspiration für meine ersten Soundscape-Arbeiten gewesen war. Verblüffung und Freude wurden kaum gemindert durch den Umstand, dass Westerkamp nicht vollständig zitierte und sich zugleich von mir distanzierte - freilich mit einer rhetorischen Figur, die im Grunde mehr Zustimmung denn Ablehnung signalisiert (Zitate im Original am Ende dieses Beitrages):

"Obgleich ich diese Definition nicht rundheraus ablehne, spricht sie doch lediglich einen Aspekt von Soundscape-Komposition an: die Absicht des Komponisten. Sie übergeht einen sehr wichtigen weiteren Aspekt: die Kraft der Klänge selbst, die diese Absicht nicht nur durch ihre Bedeutung verstärken, sondern zugleich auch durch Entdeckung und Überraschung während des Komponierens selber." (1)

Wie gesagt, ich lese hier mehr Zustimmung denn Ablehnung heraus, weil der Dissens vermutlich auf einem gleichsam transatlantisch unterschiedlichen Wort-Verständis zu beruhen scheint. Ich denke, die Einwände Weserkamps gehen wunderbar auf in dem von mir gewählten Attribut "ästhetisch", genauer: einem "Soundscape - oder Elementen davon - einen ästhetischen Wert zuschreiben".

Denn "die Kraft der Klänge selbst" (Westerkamp), sie muss ja erst einmal erkannt werden, und dies setzt eine ästhetische Entscheidung voraus, hier ist nicht ihre Kraft in db-Werten gemeint. Überdies, "Entdeckung und Überraschung während des Komponierens" (Westerkamp) - beide bestens durch meinen Begriff des Ästhetischen gedeckt.

Westerkamp schliesst nun einen wichtigen Satz an (er enthält eine Analogie und liest sich so leichthin - verdient aber wie viele Analogiebildungen eine genauere Betrachtung): "Mit Umeltklängen zu komponieren impliziert eine Beziehung - einen Dialog - zwischen Komponist und Klängen, genauso wie es eine solche Beziehung gibt zwischen Soundscape und Hörer im Alltag." (2)

Man mag sich an dem Begriff "Dialog" stören, denn ein Klang wird einem Komponisten nicht antworten können, und darin liegt nun mal eine Voraussetzung für Dialogfähigkeit. Aber wenn man "Dialog" als eine poetische Überhöhung von "Beziehung" wertet, dann sind beide Aussagen - jeweils für sich genommen - richtig, weil plausibel. Westerkamp hebt aber beide Aussagen auf einen Level und bildet eine Analogie zwischen ihnen, vulgo: das ist eine ist wie das andere.

Und hier gehen wir nun wirklich auseinander. Die Beziehung der Menschen zu ihrer jeweiligen akustischen Umwelt ist das eine - der Komponist und seine Klänge aber etwas entschieden Anderes. Ich möchte unter den vielen hier nur eine ganz entscheidende Differenz aufzeigen: Die Beziehung des Komponisten zu seinen Klängen ist von Freiwilligkeit gekennzeichnet, er kann sich die Objekte seiner Begierde aussuchen, der Mensch im Alltag aber...denken wir z.B. nur an den armen Tropf, der morgens an der Haltestelle "Wickenburgstrasse" in Essen auf seine Bahn wartet....nicht.

Westerkamp schlägt nun im nächsten Absatz ihres Textes eine eigene Soundscape-Definition vor, die meinen Ansatz aufgreift und leicht varriert (und damit die Unterschiede zwischen unseren Auffassungen negiert): "Im Bereich Soundscape-Komposition sucht der Künstler die klanglich-musikalische Substanz in einer Aufnahme und damit von Ort und Zeit ihrer Entstehung. Der Künstler geht davon aus, dass im Soundscape oder Teilen daraus ästhetische Werte sich ausdrücken." (3)

So what Soundscape-Komposition? Werden wir hier Zeuge einer Spiegelfechterei? Sind nicht - legt man in einem A/B-Vergleich beide Definitionen nebeneinander - die Unterschiede bis auf sophistisch zu nennende Reste aufgelöst?

War´s das?

Mitnichten.

Wenige Zeilen später geht´s erst richtig los, wenn Hildegard Westerkamp den Erklärungsteil meiner im WFAE-Forum publizierten Definition zitiert, insbesondere den Schlusssatz daraus, auf den es mir ankommt: "Machen wir uns also nichts vor: Soundscape Komposition heisst oftmals nichts anderes, als Lärm in den Konzertraum zu tragen" (Michael Rüsenberg).

Die Schleifspur dieser Aussage ist bald 100 Jahre alt, sie reicht zurück bis zu den italienischen Futuristen - wird aber gleichwohl auch heute noch oftmals im Sinne dröhnender Ohren rezipiert. Oder in den Worten von Hildegard Westerkamp: "Gehört es nicht zur Verantwortung eines Komponisten, mit seinen/ihren Kompositionen eine Klangumgebung zu schaffen, die das Gehör des Publikums nicht schädigt, so wie es zur Aufgabe des Stadtplaners gehört, den Pendler nicht exzessiven Geräuschen auszusetzen? Entspricht es nicht der Verantwortung eines Soundscape-Komponisten, sich als akustischer Ökologe zu verhalten?" (4)

Einmal abgesehen davon, dass "Lärm" unter dem ästhetischen Vorzeichen seiner Präsentation im Konzertraum a) kein Lärm mehr ist und b) eine Harley Davidson low level wie ein schnurrendes Kätzchen zu Gehör gebracht werden kann, ohne ihren Klangcharakter zu verlieren - die Antwort auf den ersten Teil der Doppelfrage von Hildegard Westerkamp kann vernünftigerweise nur ein JA sein.

Auf den zweiten Teil aber kann sie nur NEIN lauten...

Es mag sich, wer will unter den Soundscape Komponisten als Vertreter der Akustischen Ökologie verstehen und handeln. Der Zusammenhang zwischen beiden Rollen ist ein politischer, also selbst gewählt und von der Sache her nicht zwingend logisch, auch wenn der zeitgeschichtliche Rahmen von Soundscape und Acoustic Ecology dies nahelegt.

Es stossen zudem mehr und mehr Komponisten auf die Szene, die davon aus den Geschichtsbüchern erfahren. Der Zusammenhalt von Soundscape und Acoustic Ecology löst sich zusehends auf - und es kann auch gar nicht anders sein, die Lager und ihre Interessen sind einfach zu verschieden.

Wenn ich eine Komposition von Hildegard Westerkamp höre - die ich als Künstlerin ausserordentlich schätze -, dann erfahre ich weniger über Akustische Ökologie als wenn ich ein Buch von August Schick lese oder einen Vortrag von Gerald Fleischer höre; als Wissenschaftler kennen sie kein ästhetisches Vergnüngen an ihren Gegenständen.

Mehr noch: der Soundscape-Komponist, der dank seiner Werkzeuge täglich ein Loblied auf das digitale Zeitalter zu singen verpflichtet wäre, er müsste immer auch ein Trauerlied auf das langsame Absterben des lauten mechanischen Zeitalters anstimmen - ihm nämlich verdankt er seine attraktivsten Klangquellen.

Nichts anderes betreibt z.B. die "Vorauseilende Klang-Archäologie" in Hamburg, deren Leiter Asmus Tietchens mit leuchtenden Augen davon berichtet, dass zu seiner Kindheit über ganz Hamburg sich verbreitete, wenn im Hafen genietet wurde. Eine Klangaufnahme davon hat er nicht...

Diese Hamburger Gruppe sammelt und dokumentiert Klänge des Alltags, die zu verklingen drohen: Aufzüge, Druckmaschinen, die Mechanik des alten Elbtunnels etc.Gestartet waren die Hamburger in der strikt dokumentarischen Absicht, ihren Klangfunden KEINEN ästhetischen Wert zuzuschreiben. Sehr lange haben sie die Hände nicht in den Hosentaschen halten können...längst komponieren auch sie mit ihren Quellen.

Oder, Christina Kubisch, als Klang-Installateurin der Soundscape Szene zumindest im dem Wunsch verbunden, ihre Zuhörer zu "sensiblisieren"; sie zitiert ein Beispiel aus dem Alltag, wo dieser schöne Vorsatz eher Schaden anrichtete. Am Beispiel einer Verkäuferin eines Drogeriemarktes fragt Kubisch: würde sie - im Sinne der Klangkunst sensibilisiert - nicht gehindert, ihrem Beruf nachzugehen, weil dieser doch das Weghören voraussetzt, nämlich: von den permanenten Werbedurchsagen sich nicht ablenken zu lassen?

Soundscape-Komposition und Akustische Ökologie sind Verwandte, aber sie teilen auch den üblichen Verwandtschafts-Konflikt zwischen Kunst & Wissenschaft und können deshalb mit gleicher Kompetenz kaum gleichzeitig betrieben werden. (Ein traditioneller Komponist wird sich auch nicht den Raumakustikern anschliessen, bloss weil er von deren Erkenntnissen profitiert.)

"Soundscape Komposition wurzelt immer in Themen der Klangwelt, sie ist nie abstrakt". Diesen Satz von Hildegard Westerkamp greife ich mit Beifall auf, löse ihn aber aus dem Westerkamp´schen Kontext, um mit ihm eine andere Verwandt-schaftsbeziehung auszuleuchten, die auch bei Westerkamp anklingt, (ohne dass sie ihr weiter nachgeht): "...ein Komponistenkollege trugt mit grosser Überzeugung vor, Soundscape-Komposition sei eine Sub-Kategorie der musique concrete."

Da ist manches dran. Mit gut zwei Jahrzehnten Vorsprung darf musique concrete historisch ganz sicher als Vorläufer gelten; Techniken & Tools beider Genres sind sehr ähnlich, ja auch eine Soundscape-Komponistin der klang-ökologischen Schule wie Hildegard Westerkamp transformiert Klänge, also: verfremdet sie.

Der bedeutsame Unterschied aber besteht darin, dass musique concrete am Klang nicht als Bedeutungsträger interessiert ist, den Klang also aus seinem Kontext löst. Oder, in den Worten eines renommierten Vertreters der musique concrete, Bernard Parmegiani: "Es geht nicht darum zu sagen: "Ah, dies ist ein herunterfallender Löffel, da pfeift der Wind, da summt eine Biene". Die Frage ist nicht, woher die Klänge kommen, sondern wie man sie als musikalische Klänge wahrnimmt, die vibrieren und ihre Höhe verändern. Begnügt man sich mit der Erkenntnis "Ah, das ist eine Biene", wäre das, als sagte man bei einem Klavierkonzert: "Ah, das ist ein Klavier!" Man denkt nicht mehr daran, man kennt es und hat es integriert. Das gleiche gilt für die elektro-akustische Musik: Man muss die Herkunft des Klanges vergessen." (Bernard Parmegiani, in Studio Elektronische Musik, WDR 3, 23.10.02)

Ganz ähnlich äussert sich Francisco Lopez, der den Schaefferianern nahesteht, überwiegend aber unter den Schaferianern diskutiert wird, ein Oppositioneller - freilich im Soundscape-Lager: "Bei der Arbeit mit Soundscapes kann es nur eine dokumentarische oder kommunikative Begründung dafür geben, die Beziehung zur Klangquelle aufrechtzuerhalten - niemals eine künstlerisch-ästhetische" (in "Schizophonia vs l´objet sonore", 1997).

Aus ihren verschiedenen Perspektiven ergänzen sich beide Aussagen. Pargegiani´s Argument bildet auf einer anekdotischen Ebene gewissermassen die Vorstufe zu der prinzipiellen Überlegung von Lopez. Und wenn wir uns denn schon in der Welt des Prinzipiellen bewegen, hat Lopez sicher recht. Ich möchte (obwohl die ästhetische Praxis meiner "Klangreportagen" dem entgegensteht), seine Position um einen weiteren Aspekt erweitern, nämlich um die immer problematische Relation von Intention & Rezeption. Ein Komponist kann niemals sichergehen, dass sein Werk so rezipiert wird, wie er das beabsichtigt - egal ob er seine Intention schriftlich deponiert oder nicht. (s.a. Peter Kivy "Introduction to a Philosophy of Music", Oxford University Press, 2002, S. 147ff).

Und wenn - noch ein schönes Beispiel - Hans Magnus Enzensberger für den Bereich der Literatur proklamiert, dass ein Leser einen Text auch gegen die Intentionen eines Autors lesen kann - wieviel mehr muss dies dann im Raume Klangkunst Gültigkeit haben? Kurzum: der Hörer kann mit einem Klang machen, was er will. Dahinter muss man keine böse Absicht wittern, sondern lediglich die Tatsache, dass Klänge - meist - keine eindeutige Semantik haben. Ob uns Ohrenmenschen das gefällt oder nicht: ein Klang teil meist weniger über den Ort seiner Entstehung mit als ein Bild. Ein jeder aus unserer Zunft wird mit Leichtigkeit Klänge aus seinem Archiv zitieren, die identisch sind, aber verschiedene Ursachen haben. In meinem Falle Ibisse in Rabat/Marokko, die nicht nur in den Ohren meiner Tochter als "Enten" ankamen.

Selbst wenn ein Soundscape-Komponist auf Klangtransformation vollständig verzichtet, stehen unüberwindliche Hindernisse seiner Erwartung entgegen, seine Zuhörer könnten die Orte seiner Aufnahmen genau so rezipieren wie er selbst.

So schön aber der Aufenthalt in der Welt des Prinzipiellen auch sein mag - so richtig satt wird niemand dabei. Und deshalb möchte ich mich gerne des Hintertürchens bedienen, welches Francisco Lopez in seiner strikten Stellungnahme doch offenlässt, nämlich der "dokumentarischen oder kommunikativen Begründung" dafür, Ort und Zeit einer Aufnahme und damit einer Komposition zu benennen.

Gewiss, es handelt sich um ein Argument minderen Ranges, aber seine Alltagstauglichkeit steht ausser Frage. Ich behaupte: sobald man sicher sein kann, eine Komposition aus dem Bereich Soundscape zu hören, lassen sich Wunsch & Lust herauszufinden, was denn da klingt und wo es klingt, kaum noch unterdrücken - Parmegiani und Lopez zum Trotz. Neugier obsiegt.

Denn zieht man alle subjektiven Faktoren einer Soundscape Komposition ins Kalkül (also alle aufnahme- und kompositionstechnischen Faktoren), dann zeugt ein jedes Werk dieser Gattung von Weltaneignung, die sehr wohl kommunizierbar ist. Wenn Soundscape Komposition von der Voraussetzung lebt, vorhandenen/-gefundenen Klängen einen ästhetischen Wert zuzuschreiben, dann steckt darin auch Potenzial zum ästhetischen Lernen, zum Selbstentdecken von Klängen. Einer jeden Soundscape Komposition wohnt demnach das Versprechen inne: Das hättest du auch hören können, wenn du Ort und Zeit dieser Aufnahme mit dem Komponisten geteilt hättest!

Wenn Soundscape Komposition - wie unzählige Male ausgeführt - bedeutet, Klänge der Welt musikalisch zu interpretieren (Achtung, Achtung: die Welt ist nicht per se musikalisch!), dann kann darin Entdeckerleistung stecken, die es zu würdigen gilt. Warum sollten wir nicht einem Soundscape-Komponisten ob seiner Klangfunde gratulieren, so wie wir das bei einem Wortautor auch tun?

Ein weiterer Aspekt jener "dokumentarischen oder kommunikativen Begründung" aus dem Statement von Lopez kann sich darin zeigen, dass der Komponist mit der Nennung von Ort & Zeit seiner Aufnahmen den Ordnungsrahmen mitteilt, den er seinem Werk gesetzt hat; jedenfalls ist das die Praxis meiner eigenen "Klangre-portagen".

Freilich, originelle Klänge zu finden, ist bestenfalls Voraussetzung, aber keineswegs Garantie für eine gute Soundscape Komposition - dazu braucht´s schon mehr an ästhetischem Gestalten. Vor allem darin bildet Soundscape Komposition, so sie denn nicht klangökologischen Zielen verpflichtet ist, eine grosse Schnittmenge mit musique concrete. Ob man, wie Hildegard Westerkamp einen ungenannten Kollegen proklamieren lässt, deswegen auch Soundscape Komposition als "Subkategorie" von musique concrete klassifizieren sollte?...nun denn, wir haben allen Anlass, einer solchen Zuordnung mit Gelassenheit beizuwohnen, ist doch der erste Soundscape-Komponist zwei Jahrzehnte vor Pierre Schaeffer in Erscheinung getreten (Walter Ruttmann, "Weekend", 1930). Ich vermag kein Motiv für minderen ästhetischen Rang darin zu sehen, dass Soundscape Komposition ein Prinzip der musique concrete wieder aufhebt bzw wiedereinführt (die Beziehung zu Ort & Zeit der Klangquellen), solange damit kaum mehr als eine Benennung verbunden ist und die prinzipielle Reichweite des Genres im Bewusstsein bleibt: als einer subjektiven, keinesfalls dokumentarischen Bemühung.

Originalzitate:

(1) Although I do not altogether disagree with this definition, it only mentions one aspect of soundscape composition: that of the composer's intent. It fails to mention a most important other aspect: the power of the sound materials themselves to shift that intent by virtue of their inherent meanings, as well as through discovery and surprise in the compositional process.

(2) To compose with environmental sound implies a relationship-a dialogue-between composer and recorded materials, just as there is a relationship between soundscape and listener in daily life.

(3) In soundscape composition the artist seeks to discover the sonic/musical essence contained within the recordings and thus within the place and time where it was recorded. The artist works with the understanding that aesthetic values will emerge from the recorded soundscape or from some of its elements.

(4) Is it not in fact the composer's responsibility to create a sonic environment with his or her compositions that does not damage listener's hearing, as much as it is the city planer's responsibility not to expose commuters to excessive noise? Is it not the soundscape composer's responsibility to act like an acoustic ecologist?

* Vorabdruck aus einem neuen Buch von Hans-Ulrich Werner

von Michael Rüsenberg||||

{tab A controversy among Friends:}

In the spring of 2001, the internet newslist of the "World Forum for Acoustic Ecology" or WFAE asked the crunch question: what is soundscape composition ?

I contributed thus to the brief debate which followed:

"Soundscape composition we call the intention of an artist to musicalise a recording of a certain location at a certain time. The artists assumes to ascribe aesthetic value to this soundscape of elements of it.

The artistic range of the soundscape composer spans from a documentary approach i.e. arranging various elements without isolating them from their context, to the processes of transformation which we already know from ´musique concrète´. Although both these genres have various arrangement techniques in common, musique concrète differs from soundscape composition in that it treats sound purely as an acoustic phenomenon: of itself it has no further meaning. On the other hand soundscape compositions, however far removed they may be from their original sound sources, are committed to portraying a given place, preferably in the form of an acoustic daydream".

My definition of soundscape for the WFAE debates echos an earlier piece of work in which I explain soundscape in the context of one of my projects:

"I'm currently working on a piece which begins at a tram stop. According to the locals, this is the loudest tram stop in Germany. It is situated in a kind of subway under a bridge from where passengers can see the approaching tram, but not hear it. The platform is sandwiched between the four lanes of the city expressway where cars race by at speeds of up to 100 km/h. An acoustic ecologist would have a chat to commuters and measure the sound level at different positions. The soundscape composer, discovering a perverted kind of beauty in the roar of a passing Harley Davidson, would record it, and then amplify the dying tones of the ´Doppler effect´ which it naturally creates. Soundscape composers frequently work with sound phenomena which others simply perceive as noise: ´You don't say you're actually recording this din?´ asked one worker at Finkl's steelworks in Chicago back in 1996. Busy with the microphones, we just gave a quick nod and were relieved not to be thrown out. We had driven past the steelworks by chance and just gone in. Traces of this recording were used later in a composition for Dietmar Bonnen, the baritone saxophone soloist. We had to transpose the sound of the steelworks by about 27 % so that Bonnen could not be accused of bad intonation. Let´s face it: soundscape composition often means bringing noise into a concert hall."

Having not elicited much of a response (either everyone just agreed or did not consider my views worth answering), time gradually erased this particular definition of soundscape from my mind. Data carriers being more efficient, I was lucky to still have the text on my hard disk when I suddenly needed it again in October 2002. Hildegard Westerkamp had got in touch, recommending a text from her own homepage where she herself has a bash at answering this trickiest of questions: "Linking soundscape composition and acoustic ecology".

What a surprise to find my own long-forgotten definition of soundscape echoed in her own reflections on the subject ! My contribution had not been in vain and no less an artist than Hildegard Westerkamp, whose work had provided much inspiration for my first ventures into soundscape, had taken due note of it. Although she did not quote me fully and distanced herself from my theories using her own rhetoric, this did not detract from my pleasure, because I figured that her line of reasoning signalled more agreement than disagreement with my own:

"Although I do not altogether disagree with this definition, it only mentions one aspect of soundscape composition: that of the composer's intent. It fails to mention another aspect of great importance: the power of the sound materials themselves to shift that intent by virtue of their inherent meanings, as well as through discovery and surprise in the compositional process".

Like I said, I see more consensus than contradiction here, and what disagreement exists seems to spring more from transatlantic language differences. In my opinion, Westerkamp's objections become clear in terms of what I choose to call "aesthetics" i.e. the ascribing of aesthetic qualities to a soundscape or elements thereof. Firstly, the "power of the sound material itself" as described by Westerkamp has to be recognized. Here we are pre-supposing an aesthetic choice and not talking about measuring decibels. My attribute "aesthetic" likewise evokes those "elements of discovery and surprise" which are an intrinsic part of the compositional process.

Westerkamp's next statement offers an analogy which makes understanding easier, but like all analogies, needs looking at more closely:

"To compose with environmental sound implies a relationship / a dialogue between composer and recorded materials, just as there is a relationship between soundscape and listener in daily life".

Perhaps the word "dialogue" is slightly misleading, since sounds are not responses and without responses no dialogue can take place. If by "dialogue" we mean the poetic elevation of "relationship", each of the above statements is correct in its own right. However Westerkamp puts these two relationships on the same level and draws an analogy between them: one is like the other.

Here we part company. The relationship between a person and his acoustic environment is one thing - between a composer and his sound material quite another. Of the many differences between these two relationships, I'd like to point to one essential one: the relationship between a composer and his sound material is voluntary - he is free to select the object of his desire. But the ordinary citizen - take the man waiting for a tram at Germany's noisiest tram stop - is decidedly not.

Westerkamp then goes on to offer her own definition of soundscape which adopts and slightly modifies my own approach, in the end wiping out the distinctions which we have just discussed:

"In soundscape composition, the artist seeks to discover the sonic / musical essence contained within the recordings and thus within the place and time where it was recorded. The artist works with the understanding that aesthetic values will emerge from the recorded soundscape or from some of its elements".

I start to wonder if this is a sham debate. Confront Westerkamp's definition with my own and don't the differences dissolve, leaving behind a few finer points which it would be pure sophistry to debate?

Far from it.

Read on a few lines, and Hildegard Westerkamp really gets down to business, picking up the key phrase of my formulation for the WFAE-Forum: "Let´s face it: soundscape composition often means bringing noise into a concert hall" (Michael Rüsenberg).

The idea behind this statement will soon be a hundred years old and can be traced back to the Italian futurists. It is often alluded to today by those anxious to protect listeners' eardrums, or, in the words of Hildegard Westerkamp:

"Is it not in fact the composer's responsibility to create a sonic environment with his or her compositions that does not damage listener's hearing, as much as it is the city planner's responsibility not to expose commuters to excessive noise? Is it not the soundscape composer's responsibility to act like an acoustic ecologist?"

Apart from the fact that a) "noise" in the context of its aesthetic presentation in a concert hall can no longer be noise, and b) the roar of a Harley Davidson can be shrunk to the purring of a cat without any loss of its sonic character - the only sensible answer to the first of Hildegard Westerkamp's questions is YES.

But acoustic ecology as the duty of the soundscape composer?

Emphatically NO.

Any soundscape composer wishing to champion the cause of acoustic ecology is entitled to do so. However to place his role as composer within this context is to make a purely personal choice which is neither inherent to nor demanded by soundscape composition, be it historically contemporeaneous with acoustic ecology or not.

More and more composers are arriving on the scene whose awareness of any links between soundscape composition and acoustic ecology has been gained from the history books. The bonds between soundscape and acoustic ecology are loosening every day - and this is inevitable because the two camps and the interests they represent simply cannot be reconciled.

When I listen to a piece by Hildegard Westerkamp - whose art I greatly appreciate - I learn less about acoustic ecology than I do from a book by August Schick or a lecture by Gerald Fleischer; and this is because these men are scientists who draw no aesthetic pleasure from the subjects they contemplate.

And there's more. Given the tools they now have at their disposal, soundscape composers should pay daily homage to the wonders of digital technology. But it is they more than any of us who mourn the demise of the mechanical age. This noisiest of eras provided them with their finest sound sources.

Take for example the Hamburg-based group "Vorauseilende Klang-Archäologie" ("Anticipating Acoustic Archeology") headed by Asmus Tietchens. Nostalgically he recalls his childhood when the sound of the shipyard's hammers reverberated throughout the city. Of that particular sound he has no recording. However it is the group's business to collect and document sounds from everyday life which are threatened by extinction: lifts, printing machines, the mechanics of the old Elba tunnel etc.

"Vorauseilende Klang-Archäologie" started out with the sole objective of documenting sound findings without ascribing to them aesthetic values. However, they found it impossible to hold back for long and have long since been composing with their sound sources.

Or there is sound-artist Christina Kubisch, an associate of soundscape circles at least in her wish to sensitize listeners. As she rightfully points out, daily life does not always allow the pursuit of this vocation. Take a busy supermarket where bargains and special offers are announced all day over the intercom. Sensitized to the beauties of sound-art, the sales assistants working there must shut their ears to the noise if they are to concentrate on the job.

Soundscape and acoustic ecology are relations and as such are faced with the same conflict of irreconcilable interests as that other unhappily married pair: art and science. Putting it another way: no traditional composer is going to get himself hitched to a club of acousticians just so he can profit from their knowhow.

"Soundscape composition is always anchored in our sonic environment, and is never entirely abstract" - a statement from Hildegard Westerkamp which I applaud, but which I'd like to look at in another connection which Westerkamp touches on, but does not pursue: another fellow composer recently declared soundscape composition a sub-category of musique concrète.

This is partially true. Born two decades ahead, musique concrète is certainly the forerunner of soundscape in a historical sense. Both genres employ similar tools and techniques and the soundscape composer, even if an advocate of acoustic ecology like Westerkamp, will transform and process his sound material. The difference lies in the fact that musique concrète is not interested in sound as a vehicle for meaning and therefore does isolate sounds from their initial environment.

Bernard Parmegiani, one of the great exponents of musique concrète, puts it another way: "Musique concrète is not about saying ´there's a spoon falling on the floor, there's the wind, there's a bumble bee. It doesn't matter what the sounds are, but how we perceive their musicality in terms of tone and vibration. Just hearing the bumble bee as a bumble bee is akin to just hearing a piano as a piano during a great concerto. In other words, we don't think about it, it's something we know and have already integrated into our consciousness. In this sense, musique concrète is just like electronic music - where the sound comes from is not the point“.

(Bernard Parmegiani, in Studio Elektronische Musik, WDR 3, 23.10.02)

Francisco Lopez, Schaferian by name but Schaefferian by nature, expresses similar thoughts: "In soundscape compositions, the link to the original sound source is only maintained for the sake of documentation or communication, but never for aesthetic purposes” ("Schizophonia vs l´objet sonore", 1997).

Each viewpoint complements the other. Parmegiani's exemplifications on a more anecdotal level pave the way for Lopez to expound the principles of his theory. And in the realm of theory, Lopez is absolutely right. Although not quite in line with my own aesthetic practices in sound reporting, I'd like to add another dimension to Lopez's argument which concerns the ever-problematic relationship between intention and perception. No composer can ever be sure that his work will be perceived as he intends - irrespective of whether he has enshrined his artistic purposes in writing or not. (cf. Peter Kivy "Introduction to a Philosophy of Music", Oxford University Press, 2002, S. 147ff).

Let's take a peep at the literary world, where Hans Magnus Enzensberger maintains that a reader can read into a text the opposite of what the author has intended. How much more this must apply to sound composition ! The listener can make of a sound whatever he wants. No harm is intended, it's just that the semantics of sound are rarely clear-cut.

Whether soundscape aficionados like it or not: a sound usually gives less information about the place of its origin than a picture. Any of us in the soundscape community can delve into our archives and come up with sounds which are absolutely identical, but have different sources. I recorded the squawking of ibiss in Rabat. My daughter and many besides were convinced that they were hearing ducks.

Even if a soundscape composer completely dispenses with transformation processes, there are insurmountable obstacles to his audience recognizing the place of his recordings in the way that he does.

So much for our excursion into theory. Unfortunately, it still leaves us dissatisfied. So let's explore the one loophole in the strict guidelines which Lopez has laid down for us: "the motive for documentation or communication" which moves a composer to disclose the time and place of his recording. The question of location might be a matter of secondary interest, but it has a huge bearing on reality. Anyone listening to a soundscape composition and aware of it will be overcome by the desire to identify the source. Whatever Parmegiani and Lopez say, curiosity will always win the day.

Given all the subjective factors which make up a soundscape composition (the sum of recording and aesthetic decisions taken by the composer), what is generated is the composer's very own "perception of the world", a perception which it is possible to communicate to others. If the essence of soundscape composition means ascribing an aesthetic quality to sound material , then it offers the listener a wonderful opportunity to develop his own aesthetic sense and go on to make his own sound discoveries. Every soundscape composition holds a promise: this is what you could have heard if you had been on location with the composer!

It has often been said that soundscape composition means interpreting the sounds of the world musically (a risky business, I hasten to say, given that the world is not musicial per se). But still, there is something to admire in the way soundscape composition brings certain things to our attention. So why should we not applaud the soundscape composer for what he unearths for us in the same way as we do a writer?

Another motive for the "documentation or communication" described by Lopez is the desire of the composer to set his piece within a given framework by naming the time and place of its recording - for me, standard procedure on my own sound reports.

Of course, having original sound material is important for, but does not guarantee, good soundscape composition. Much of the groundwork involves moulding the whole into an aesthetic form. This is the point where soundscape composition, inasfar as it remains uncommitted to sound-ecological ideals, finds its big overlap with musique concrète. Does this make soundscape composition a sub-category, as an unnamed colleague of Hildegard Westerkamp would have it ?

At any rate, we soundscapers should not be unduly troubled by this relegation to the lower ranks: the fact remains that the very first soundscape composer appeared on the scene a whole two decades before Pierre Schaeffer (Walter Ruttmann, "Weekend" 1930).

I personally do not see why soundscape composition should be allocated a subsidiary role because it employs, or one might even say revives one of the principles of musique concrète (preserving the links to time and place). Here we are being offered a purely nominal definition of the genre which bears in mind its limits as a personal rather than documentary task.

translated by Maresa Pooler

{/tabs}

©Michael Rüsenberg, 2003

 

In the spring of 2001, the internet newslist of the "World Forum for Acoustic Ecology" or WFAE asked the crunch question: what is soundscape composition ?
I contributed thus to the brief debate which followed:
"Soundscape composition we call the intention of an artist to musicalise a recording of a certain location at a certain time. The artists assumes to ascribe aesthetic value to this soundscape of elements of it.
The artistic range of the soundscape composer spans from a documentary approach i.e. arranging various elements without isolating them from their context, to the processes of transformation which we already know from ´musique concrète´. Although both these genres have various arrangement techniques in common, musique concrète differs from soundscape composition in that it treats sound purely as an acoustic phenomenon: of itself it has no further meaning. On the other hand soundscape compositions, however far removed they may be from their original sound sources, are committed to portraying a given place, preferably in the form of an acoustic daydream".
My definition of soundscape for the WFAE debates echos an earlier piece of work in which I explain soundscape in the context of one of my projects:
"I'm currently working on a piece which begins at a tram stop. According to the locals, this is the loudest tram stop in Germany. It is situated in a kind of subway under a bridge from where passengers can see the approaching tram, but not hear it. The platform is sandwiched between the four lanes of the city expressway where cars race by at speeds of up to 100 km/h. An acoustic ecologist would have a chat to commuters and measure the sound level at different positions. The soundscape composer, discovering a perverted kind of beauty in the roar of a passing Harley Davidson, would record it, and then amplify the dying tones of the ´Doppler effect´ which it naturally creates. Soundscape composers frequently work with sound phenomena which others simply perceive as noise: ´You don't say you're actually recording this din?´ asked one worker at Finkl's steelworks in Chicago back in 1996. Busy with the microphones, we just gave a quick nod and were relieved not to be thrown out. We had driven past the steelworks by chance and just gone in. Traces of this recording were used later in a composition for Dietmar Bonnen, the baritone saxophone soloist. We had to transpose the sound of the steelworks by about 27 % so that Bonnen could not be accused of bad intonation. Let´s face it: soundscape composition often means bringing noise into a concert hall."
Having not elicited much of a response (either everyone just agreed or did not consider my views worth answering), time gradually erased this particular definition of soundscape from my mind. Data carriers being more efficient, I was lucky to still have the text on my hard disk when I suddenly needed it again in October 2002. Hildegard Westerkamp had got in touch, recommending a text from her own homepage where she herself has a bash at answering this trickiest of questions: "Linking soundscape composition and acoustic ecology".
What a surprise to find my own long-forgotten definition of soundscape echoed in her own reflections on the subject ! My contribution had not been in vain and no less an artist than Hildegard Westerkamp, whose work had provided much inspiration for my first ventures into soundscape, had taken due note of it. Although she did not quote me fully and distanced herself from my theories using her own rhetoric, this did not detract from my pleasure, because I figured that her line of reasoning signalled more agreement than disagreement with my own:
"Although I do not altogether disagree with this definition, it only mentions one aspect of soundscape composition: that of the composer's intent. It fails to mention another aspect of great importance: the power of the sound materials themselves to shift that intent by virtue of their inherent meanings, as well as through discovery and surprise in the compositional process".
Like I said, I see more consensus than contradiction here, and what disagreement exists seems to spring more from transatlantic language differences. In my opinion, Westerkamp's objections become clear in terms of what I choose to call "aesthetics" i.e. the ascribing of aesthetic qualities to a soundscape or elements thereof. Firstly, the "power of the sound material itself" as described by Westerkamp has to be recognized. Here we are pre-supposing an aesthetic choice and not talking about measuring decibels. My attribute "aesthetic" likewise evokes those "elements of discovery and surprise" which are an intrinsic part of the compositional process.
Westerkamp's next statement offers an analogy which makes understanding easier, but like all analogies, needs looking at more closely:
"To compose with environmental sound implies a relationship / a dialogue between composer and recorded materials, just as there is a relationship between soundscape and listener in daily life".
Perhaps the word "dialogue" is slightly misleading, since sounds are not responses and without responses no dialogue can take place. If by "dialogue" we mean the poetic elevation of "relationship", each of the above statements is correct in its own right. However Westerkamp puts these two relationships on the same level and draws an analogy between them: one is like the other.
Here we part company. The relationship between a person and his acoustic environment is one thing - between a composer and his sound material quite another. Of the many differences between these two relationships, I'd like to point to one essential one: the relationship between a composer and his sound material is voluntary - he is free to select the object of his desire. But the ordinary citizen - take the man waiting for a tram at Germany's noisiest tram stop - is decidedly not.
Westerkamp then goes on to offer her own definition of soundscape which adopts and slightly modifies my own approach, in the end wiping out the distinctions which we have just discussed:
"In soundscape composition, the artist seeks to discover the sonic / musical essence contained within the recordings and thus within the place and time where it was recorded. The artist works with the understanding that aesthetic values will emerge from the recorded soundscape or from some of its elements".
I start to wonder if this is a sham debate. Confront Westerkamp's definition with my own and don't the differences dissolve, leaving behind a few finer points which it would be pure sophistry to debate?
Far from it.
Read on a few lines, and Hildegard Westerkamp really gets down to business, picking up the key phrase of my formulation for the WFAE-Forum: "Let´s face it: soundscape composition often means bringing noise into a concert hall" (Michael Rüsenberg).
The idea behind this statement will soon be a hundred years old and can be traced back to the Italian futurists. It is often alluded to today by those anxious to protect listeners' eardrums, or, in the words of Hildegard Westerkamp:
"Is it not in fact the composer's responsibility to create a sonic environment with his or her compositions that does not damage listener's hearing, as much as it is the city planner's responsibility not to expose commuters to excessive noise? Is it not the soundscape composer's responsibility to act like an acoustic ecologist?"
Apart from the fact that a) "noise" in the context of its aesthetic presentation in a concert hall can no longer be noise, and b) the roar of a Harley Davidson can be shrunk to the purring of a cat without any loss of its sonic character - the only sensible answer to the first of Hildegard Westerkamp's questions is YES.
But acoustic ecology as the duty of the soundscape composer?
Emphatically NO.
Any soundscape composer wishing to champion the cause of acoustic ecology is entitled to do so. However to place his role as composer within this context is to make a purely personal choice which is neither inherent to nor demanded by soundscape composition, be it historically contemporeaneous with acoustic ecology or not.
More and more composers are arriving on the scene whose awareness of any links between soundscape composition and acoustic ecology has been gained from the history books. The bonds between soundscape and acoustic ecology are loosening every day - and this is inevitable because the two camps and the interests they represent simply cannot be reconciled.
When I listen to a piece by Hildegard Westerkamp - whose art I greatly appreciate - I learn less about acoustic ecology than I do from a book by August Schick or a lecture by Gerald Fleischer; and this is because these men are scientists who draw no aesthetic pleasure from the subjects they contemplate.
And there's more. Given the tools they now have at their disposal, soundscape composers should pay daily homage to the wonders of digital technology. But it is they more than any of us who mourn the demise of the mechanical age. This noisiest of eras provided them with their finest sound sources.
Take for example the Hamburg-based group "Vorauseilende Klang-Archäologie" ("Anticipating Acoustic Archeology") headed by Asmus Tietchens. Nostalgically he recalls his childhood when the sound of the shipyard's hammers reverberated throughout the city. Of that particular sound he has no recording. However it is the group's business to collect and document sounds from everyday life which are threatened by extinction: lifts, printing machines, the mechanics of the old Elba tunnel etc.
"Vorauseilende Klang-Archäologie" started out with the sole objective of documenting sound findings without ascribing to them aesthetic values. However, they found it impossible to hold back for long and have long since been composing with their sound sources.
Or there is sound-artist Christina Kubisch, an associate of soundscape circles at least in her wish to sensitize listeners. As she rightfully points out, daily life does not always allow the pursuit of this vocation. Take a busy supermarket where bargains and special offers are announced all day over the intercom. Sensitized to the beauties of sound-art, the sales assistants working there must shut their ears to the noise if they are to concentrate on the job.
Soundscape and acoustic ecology are relations and as such are faced with the same conflict of irreconcilable interests as that other unhappily married pair: art and science. Putting it another way: no traditional composer is going to get himself hitched to a club of acousticians just so he can profit from their knowhow.
"Soundscape composition is always anchored in our sonic environment, and is never entirely abstract" - a statement from Hildegard Westerkamp which I applaud, but which I'd like to look at in another connection which Westerkamp touches on, but does not pursue: another fellow composer recently declared soundscape composition a sub-category of musique concrète.
This is partially true. Born two decades ahead, musique concrète is certainly the forerunner of soundscape in a historical sense. Both genres employ similar tools and techniques and the soundscape composer, even if an advocate of acoustic ecology like Westerkamp, will transform and process his sound material. The difference lies in the fact that musique concrète is not interested in sound as a vehicle for meaning and therefore does isolate sounds from their initial environment.
Bernard Parmegiani, one of the great exponents of musique concrète, puts it another way: "Musique concrète is not about saying ´there's a spoon falling on the floor, there's the wind, there's a bumble bee. It doesn't matter what the sounds are, but how we perceive their musicality in terms of tone and vibration. Just hearing the bumble bee as a bumble bee is akin to just hearing a piano as a piano during a great concerto. In other words, we don't think about it, it's something we know and have already integrated into our consciousness. In this sense, musique concrète is just like electronic music - where the sound comes from is not the point“.
(Bernard Parmegiani, in Studio Elektronische Musik, WDR 3, 23.10.02)
Francisco Lopez, Schaferian by name but Schaefferian by nature, expresses similar thoughts: "In soundscape compositions, the link to the original sound source is only maintained for the sake of documentation or communication, but never for aesthetic purposes” ("Schizophonia vs l´objet sonore", 1997).
Each viewpoint complements the other. Parmegiani's exemplifications on a more anecdotal level pave the way for Lopez to expound the principles of his theory. And in the realm of theory, Lopez is absolutely right. Although not quite in line with my own aesthetic practices in sound reporting, I'd like to add another dimension to Lopez's argument which concerns the ever-problematic relationship between intention and perception. No composer can ever be sure that his work will be perceived as he intends - irrespective of whether he has enshrined his artistic purposes in writing or not. (cf. Peter Kivy "Introduction to a Philosophy of Music", Oxford University Press, 2002, S. 147ff).
Let's take a peep at the literary world, where Hans Magnus Enzensberger maintains that a reader can read into a text the opposite of what the author has intended. How much more this must apply to sound composition ! The listener can make of a sound whatever he wants. No harm is intended, it's just that the semantics of sound are rarely clear-cut.
Whether soundscape aficionados like it or not: a sound usually gives less information about the place of its origin than a picture. Any of us in the soundscape community can delve into our archives and come up with sounds which are absolutely identical, but have different sources. I recorded the squawking of ibiss in Rabat. My daughter and many besides were convinced that they were hearing ducks.
Even if a soundscape composer completely dispenses with transformation processes, there are insurmountable obstacles to his audience recognizing the place of his recordings in the way that he does.
So much for our excursion into theory. Unfortunately, it still leaves us dissatisfied. So let's explore the one loophole in the strict guidelines which Lopez has laid down for us: "the motive for documentation or communication" which moves a composer to disclose the time and place of his recording. The question of location might be a matter of secondary interest, but it has a huge bearing on reality. Anyone listening to a soundscape composition and aware of it will be overcome by the desire to identify the source. Whatever Parmegiani and Lopez say, curiosity will always win the day.
Given all the subjective factors which make up a soundscape composition (the sum of recording and aesthetic decisions taken by the composer), what is generated is the composer's very own "perception of the world", a perception which it is possible to communicate to others. If the essence of soundscape composition means ascribing an aesthetic quality to sound material , then it offers the listener a wonderful opportunity to develop his own aesthetic sense and go on to make his own sound discoveries. Every soundscape composition holds a promise: this is what you could have heard if you had been on location with the composer!
It has often been said that soundscape composition means interpreting the sounds of the world musically (a risky business, I hasten to say, given that the world is not musicial per se). But still, there is something to admire in the way soundscape composition brings certain things to our attention. So why should we not applaud the soundscape composer for what he unearths for us in the same way as we do a writer?
Another motive for the "documentation or communication" described by Lopez is the desire of the composer to set his piece within a given framework by naming the time and place of its recording - for me, standard procedure on my own sound reports.
Of course, having original sound material is important for, but does not guarantee, good soundscape composition. Much of the groundwork involves moulding the whole into an aesthetic form. This is the point where soundscape composition, inasfar as it remains uncommitted to sound-ecological ideals, finds its big overlap with musique concrète. Does this make soundscape composition a sub-category, as an unnamed colleague of Hildegard Westerkamp would have it ?
At any rate, we soundscapers should not be unduly troubled by this relegation to the lower ranks: the fact remains that the very first soundscape composer appeared on the scene a whole two decades before Pierre Schaeffer (Walter Ruttmann, "Weekend" 1930).
I personally do not see why soundscape composition should be allocated a subsidiary role because it employs, or one might even say revives one of the principles of musique concrète (preserving the links to time and place). Here we are being offered a purely nominal definition of the genre which bears in mind its limits as a personal rather than documentary task.

translated by Maresa Pooler

©Michael Rüsenberg, 2003